The oral cavity is a favourable biome for the vital activity of all forms of microorganisms, which, interacting with each other, create a biofilm, thus increasing their virulence. The pathogenic potential of some microorganisms has a sufficiently pronounced character, which can be realized under various conditions, including against the background of general somatic factors. The microflora of the oral cavity in various areas is heterogeneous both in qualitative composition and quantitative. The connection between the biotopes of the oral cavity is carried out due to the oral fluid and the microorganisms in it. The most important element from the point of view of the beginning of the pathological process on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, including the gums and the development of gingivitis, is the dental plaque, with the formation of which begins the process of changing the species diversity of microbiocenosis with the displacement of representatives of the normoflora by more aggressive species. The study aims to analyze the microbiota of the oral cavity in terms of the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. The literature analysis was carried out with a depth of 20 years (from 2001 to 2021) using the following scientometric databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Academy, Rospatent, RSCI. This article describes the role of microorganisms in the development of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues and provides links to 29 scientific publications. Analysis of the literature showed that, despite the species diversity of periodontopathogens, their role in the occurrence of periodontal tissue diseases has not been studied enough and requires further research.

Acute surgical pathology in pregnant women is a serious interdisciplinary problem. Anatomical and physiological features associated with pregnancy lead to a shortage of diagnostic information: "habitual" clinical symptoms and laboratory signs become uninformative, and the use of instrumental imaging methods is limited by contraindications. This makes it much more difficult to make a decision, both about regard to surgical and obstetric tactics. Increased responsibility and the moral and ethical side of making such a decision require holding consultations with the most experienced specialists. With the improvement of modern technologies for pathogenetic correction of manifestations of combined toxicosis, the role of the use of extracorporeal detoxification methods in pregnant women with surgical pathology requires clarification. With abdominal delivery of patients operated on during pregnancy for acute abdominal pathology, the technique of extraperitoneal interventions is becoming increasingly widespread. The problem of long-term results of surgical diseases during pregnancy, quality of life and fertility in this group of patients requires study.

The scientific review discusses the development of preterm labour in women with neurotic and stress personality disorders. The frequency of occurrence of preterm birth, both in the world practice and on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Kaliningrad region, is considered. Various theories of the pathogenesis of preterm labour are considered, and the main risk factors for the development of psycho-neurotic disorders that can occur in pregnant women and women planning a pregnancy are described. Particular attention is paid to the early detection of psychoneurotic disorders in women and their treatment and correction.

Immunological tolerance plays an important role in maintaining the antigenic homeostasis of the body. Immunological tolerance is a state of areactivity with an antigen that occurs as a result of the previous contact with this antigen. The most important thing for a person is tolerance to own antigens (autotolerance) since the non-response of the immune system to own antigens protects the body from autoagression. The mechanisms of the immune system that allow blocking aggression against own cells and tissues are divided into central and peripheral. Central tolerance is induced in the central organs of immunogenesis (thymus and bone marrow) and limits the autoreactivity of T- and B-lymphocytes. In addition to the central one, there are several levels of peripheral tolerance (suppression of potentially autoreactive T- and B-cells in peripheral tissues). Each level has its own molecular and cellular mechanisms.
A special type of tolerance is observed at mother to fetal antigens during its gestation.
Areactivity to foreign antigens (artificial immunological tolerance) can be induced in various ways. There are two types of artificial tolerance: high-dose and low-dose. The induction of such tolerance has great practical importance. It is used to solve many important medical problems, such as organ and tissue transplantation, suppression of autoimmune reactions, and treatment of allergic diseases. 

The aim of work. To study the susceptibility of women of reproductive age to overweight and obesity and the reasons that contribute to the formation of these conditions.
Materials and methods. With the help of the WHQ questionnaire, a survey was conducted among women in Baku. The questionnaires included a block of questions reflecting the state of women's susceptibility to overweight and obesity and the reasons contributing to them, as well as women's need for relevant information. 1748 questionnaires were analyzed.
Research results. Overweight was detected in 15,6 ± 0,9 % of women, with different degrees of obesity – in 25,5 ± 1,0 % (p < 0,001). Women in the questionnaires noted 13 main reasons for the formation of overweight and obesity, 1 woman with normal body weight accounted for an average of 2,06 ± 0,21 reasons, for women with overweight – 4,19 ± 0,23 reasons (p < 0,001), for women with obesity – 5,42 ± 0,22 reasons (p < 0,001). The first group of women expressed the need for an average of 2,51 ± 0,28 forms of information on the control and correction of overweight and obesity, the second group, respectively, 5,43 ± 0,35 forms (p < 0,001), the third group – 8,01 ± 0,32 forms.
Conclusion. Accessible advocacy continuously and appropriate information provision can limit the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women. To this end, it is necessary to activate the obstetric organs to control and correct overweight and obesity among women.

The physical development of children and adolescents is an important indicator of the health of a growing organism and has a pronounced social conditionality, and the standards of physical development are the most important element of population monitoring of the child population. Individual and collective assessment of the physical development of children and adolescents requires a wide range of standards or norms. The creation of age-sex standards and evaluation tables is an important and time-consuming process, which is based on a one-time examination of large groups of children. In order to determine the current indicators of the physical development of children, 2983 schoolchildren (1552 boys and 1431 girls) aged 7 to 17 years were examined in Astrakhan by random sampling. Conducted somatometry (length and weight), assessment of body mass index and calculated the arithmetic mean values (M) and errors of the mean values (m). The results of the study identified the regional and age-sex characteristics of the dynamics of the physical development of children and adolescents. In the age range from 7 to 17 years, the studied indicators of physical development increase, and the increase in these indicators in boys occurs more than in girls. The main increase in indicators of physical development in boys occurs at the age of 9, 11, 13, 14 years, and in girls at 9, 11, 13 years. Girls at 11, 13 years old are ahead of boys of this age in the growth of the studied indicators. From 7 to 16 years old, both boys and girls experience an increase in BMI. The average value of BMI in boys and girls increases uniformly on average from 17 to 20 kg/m² . The presented somatometric indicators can be used as a component of the information base for the development of standards for the physical development of children and adolescents in the city of Astrakhan.

The aim of the study is to determine the age and gender patterns of changes in the areas of axial slices and the volume of the abdominal cavity in children and adolescents according to the data of intravital imaging.
Material and methods. Computer tomograms of the abdominal cavity of 75 children with no apparent abdominal pathology were studied. The examined were divided into 4 age groups: the period of early childhood, the period of first childhood, the period of second childhood, and adolescence. The study was performed on 16-slice computed tomography scans with areas at the mid-vertebral bodies from Th_XI to L_V and abdominal volume determined. The data obtained were subjected to variational-statistical processing with the determination of the average value (M), standard error (m) and the significance of differences by the t-Student criterion.
Results. As a result of the studies revealed patterns of changes in the area and volume of the abdominal cavity among the examined. Gender differences have been established both within individual groups, and differences in indicators among girls and boys in terms of age.
Conclusion. It was found that the maximum cut area in the 1st and 2nd groups was determined at the Th_XI level, and in the 3rd and 4th groups - at the Th_XII level. The minimum cut area in the studied groups was determined at the L_V level.
With age, a tendency to a significant increase in the area of the abdominal cavity is determined. Significant differences between the indicators of girls and boys were determined in the 1st and 4th groups. A significant increase in the volume of the abdominal cavity is noted among girls in all groups, and among boys in the 2nd and 4th groups. Significant differences between girls and boys occurred in the 4th group.

COVID-19 is a risk factor for the development of the acute coronary syndrome. There is no data in the literature on the terms and frequency of ACS development, and also its course after COVID-19.
The aim. To analyze the course of the acute coronary syndrome in patients after COVID-19 and to assess the role of instrumental and biochemical parameters in patients with this pathology.
Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 35 patients with acute coronary syndrome after COVID-19. The analysis of clinical, instrumental and laboratory data of patients was carried out upon admission to the hospital: anamnesis of life and illness, electro- and echocardiography, coronary angiography, values of highly sensitive troponin T and N-terminal fragment of the pro-brain natriuretic peptide. The obtained results were processed by static analysis methods.
The results. Analysis of the course of the acute coronary syndrome in patients after COVID-19 made it possible to draw the following conclusions; acute coronary syndrome developed in patients 2-8 weeks after mild COVID-19. The acute coronary syndrome was most often observed in men. The acute coronary syndrome was characterized by a Q-forming myocardial infarction, in 25 (68,6 %) patients single vascular damage of the coronary arteries was detected, in 10 (31,4 %) – multi-vascular damage of the coronary arteries; most often there was damage of the right coronary artery, anterior descending artery and combined damage of the anterior descending artery and right coronary artery. Coronary artery damage was accompanied by an increase in highly sensitive troponin T to an average of 335,0 ng/ml. Cardiomyocyte damage was associated with heart failure, as evidenced by the values of the N-terminal fragment of the pro-brain natriuretic peptide. 

The study aimed to study the effect of the extract of the herb Astragalus vulpinus on the activity of oxidative modification of lipids and proteins in the liver and myocardium tissues of white rats under information stress.
Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on nonlinear male rats, which were divided into groups (n = 10): I – control individuals receiving distilled water in equi–volume; II – rats with an information stress model; III – animals receiving Astragalus vulpinus extract intragastrically at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for two weeks and exposed to information stress. Information stress was modelled by forming food-producing behaviour in a multi-alternative maze. After the animals were removed from the experiment, the liver and heart were prepared for subsequent homogenization, tissue extraction and biochemical analysis. To confirm the development of stress, the mass of the adrenal glands was determined, the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood was calculated and the gastric mucosa was examined to identify erosive and ulcerative formations. The assessment of lipid peroxidation processes was carried out by spectrophotometric measurement of the initial level of TBA-reactive products in liver and myocardial tissue homogenates, the rates of spontaneous and ascorbate- and iron-ion-induced lipid peroxidation. When determining the degree of protein peroxidation in liver and myocardial tissue homogenates, a method based on the reaction of the interaction of oxidized amino acid residues of proteins with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone was used. The state of antioxidant protection was judged by the activity of the catalase enzyme in the studied organ tissues.
Results. During the study, it was revealed that the information load is accompanied by the activation of free radical oxidation processes, which is manifested by an increase in the concentration of products of this process and the level of catalase activity. Analysis of the effect of fox Astragalus extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg on free radical processes in the liver and myocardial tissue under conditions of informational stress showed the presence of pronounced stress-protective and antioxidant properties of this extract, characterized by a change in the intensity of lipid and protein peroxidation processes, as well as the restoration of the level of catalase activity in the studied tissues.
Conclusion. According to the results of biochemical studies, it was found that the use of Astragalus vulpinus herb extract under conditions of informational stress causes its pronounced stress-protective, antioxidant and antiradical properties for the parameters of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins, as well as catalase activity in the liver and myocardium tissue of white rats. 

Antibiotic resistance of pathogens of infectious diseases, such as Staphylococcus aureus, leads to the need to search for additional means of combating bacterial infections, which can be bacteriophages. An individual and family group of Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkeys) with confirmed carriage of S. aureus received purified Staphylococcus phage CH1 phagolysates intranasally. The presence of bacteria and bacteriophage in nasal scrapings of monkeys was determined. The study showed the effectiveness of bacteriophage CH1 as a drug for the treatment of infection caused by bacteria S. aureus, its high lytic activity, as well as the ability to persist for a long time in the body of animals.

The purpose of the study: to compare changes in the spectra of total and intestinal isoforms of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum and fecal suspension in patients with urgent diseases, the most significant for abdominal surgery.
Materials and methods. In samples of blood serum and fecal emulsion of patients with acute appendicitis, acute intestinal obstruction, perforated ulcer and strangulated hernia, the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and its intestinal isoenzyme (IAP) was studied.
Research results. It has been established that the activity of IAP in blood serum in patients with uncomplicated forms of OA increases to 4 U / l, and in the fecal emulsion it is 5 mU/g of feces. With phlegmonous OA, the activity of APCF is 7 U / l and 10 mU / g of feces, and the ratio of IAP / ALP is 2.5%, with gangrenous - 9 U / l, 12 IU / g of feces and the ratio is 2.8%, and with perforated-gangrenous OA with the development of widespread purulent peritonitis, the levels of IAP in serum are 12 U/l, in feces 16 mU/g and the ratio is 3.0%. In acute small bowel obstruction, the levels of IAP in serum are 12 U/l, in feces 21 mU/g and the ratio of IAP /AP is 3.3%. In colonic obstruction, including acute colonic obstruction of tumor origin 11 U/l, 16 mU/g and 3.6%. The maximum values of IAP in serum, 6 times higher than in the comparison group, are characteristic of appendicular peritonitis and all variants of acute intestinal obstruction. And the maximum values of IAP in the fecal emulsion, almost 6.5 times higher than in the comparison group, are characteristic of strangulation small bowel obstruction.
Conclusion. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the maximum values of IAP more than 21 mU/g of feces and the ratio of IAP / ALP of 3.6% are typical only for small bowel obstruction, and the test for IAP may be important in acute abdominal surgical pathology.

The article describes two clinical cases of performing organ-preserving operations with the dehiscence of sutures on the uterus after cesarean section and the development of peritonitis. The possibility of organ-preserving technology in the absence of symptoms of multiple organ failure is substantiated. A method of performing a metroplasty operation with the use of a modified method of lymphotropic therapy in the postoperative period is proposed. A favorable catamnesis of operated maternity hospitals is presented.

The article describes a clinical case of reactive polyarthritis after a coronavirus infection COVID-19, in the treatment of which a glucocorticosteroid was successfully used. Child M., 12 years old, was hospitalized in the cardiology department of the Regional children’s clinical hospital named after N. N. Silishcheva, Astrakhan, with complaints of pain in the feet and hands. Sick for a month, the onset of the disease is associated with a new coronavirus infection. Objectively: pain, defiguration in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the 3rd fingers of the left, 1st, 2nd and 3rd fingers of the right hand. The skin above them is hyperemic, slightly pigmented. Slight periarticular infiltration in the area of the right wrist joint. The movements in it are moderately painful. The skin over it is not changed. Foci of hyperemia and pigmentation of the skin along the medial surface of the feet. Pain when moving in the joints of the metatarsus of both feet. Their skin is hot. The treatment was carried out with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the effect was not observed, high fever persisted, severe pain in the joints. In order to enhance the anti-inflammatory effect, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were replaced by glucocorticosteroids. Against this background, persistent positive dynamics was noted: the articular syndrome was clinically stopped, laboratory parameters improved significantly, incl. and inflammatory markers. Thus, the timely prescribed treatment made it possible to localize the inflammatory process, improve both the condition of the adolescent and his quality of life.

The article represents a rare case of hemolytic disease of the newborn because of incompatibility for other antigens of the Rh system (C, c, E, e). Attention is focused on the need to follow the recommendations on frequency and methods of examination for the timely diagnosis of hemolytic disease of the fetus due to Rh immunization of mother, as well as delivery in obstetric hospitals that can provide an adequate level of therapy care in hemolytic disease of the newborn. The need for further research in antenatal diagnostics of immunological incompatibility between mother and fetus due to the so-called “minor” erythrocyte antigens is shown.