For many years, the focus of attention of domestic and foreign urologists andrologists is the problem of patients with varicocele. The results of the research suggest that varicocele is widespread in the male population, and does not have a tendency to decrease, being one of the main causes of subfertility or infertility that in the scale of the Russian Federation are of particular importance in terms of the prevailing negative demographic trends. When writing the article, 60 literary sources were processed, of which 11 are domestic, 49 are foreign. Analysis of literary sources shows that all questions of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of varicocele remain the subject of debate. Treatment of varicocele, its recurrence is aimed primarily at preventing disorders or restoring existing reproductive disorders, restoration of fertility, minimizing the likelihood of relapse and complications.

   With a new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, cancer patients with malignant neoplasms are the most vulnerable group of people. Cancer patients are at a higher risk of severe COVID-19, and for them the vaccination of a new coronavirus infection is crucial. For cancer patients, the study of the effectiveness and safety of vaccination of a new coronavirus infection in large groups was not carried out. The available recommendations are based on data obtained on the safety and effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in the general population, as well as on the study of the effectiveness and safety of other vaccines in cancer patients. It is believed that the potential benefits of vaccines against a new coronavirus infection outweigh the risks and therefore vaccination in these patients is recommended by cancer communities. All guidelines for the immunoprophylaxis of a new coronavirus infection in patients with oncopathology are temporary and will change as new data become available. It is necessary to personalize vaccination against COVID-19 in cancer patients. The problem of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients requires in-depth study, conducting clinical trials from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine and evaluation on a sufficiently large number of patients.

   Currently, despite the already known pathogenic factors and mechanisms of miscarriage, about 50 % of ones continue to be unspecified or idiopathic. In recent years, the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including the female reproductive system and pregnancy complications, has been actively discussed.

   The purpose of the review is to analyze and provide information on the role of free-radical oxidation processes in the development and course of a pregnancy, both in normal and in miscarriage, as well as on the possible use of oxidative stress biomarkers in practical medicine, in order to assess the nature of the pathological process and the effectiveness of treatment.

   Understanding the processes of cell damage caused by oxidative stress can provide invaluable assistance not only in developing a personalized approach to each specific case of miscarriage, but also to expand knowledge, both scientific and clinical in this area of medicine.

   This review presents data on endothelial dysfunction and the mechanisms of its development in coronavirus disease. The possible pathology of the urinary system and its frequency in children against the background of COVID-19, which is mainly due to endothelial dysfunction, is described. Displayed studies on the frequency of urinary tract infections in children and adolescents during a pandemic, which depended on the level of quarantine measures, which in turn affect the neuro-psychological causes of bladder dysfunction, limited timely access to medical care, etc. A systematic review of studies published in English from 2000 to 2019 was performed (with predominant inclusion (84,6 %) of data for the last 2 years) using PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, GoogleScholar, Cochrane, Medline, AMED databases., EMBASE, CINHAL, SportDiscus, Scopus and PEDro. The review included review articles, meta-analyses, qualitative studies, retrospective and prospective studies.

   The article presents the results of the analysisof the dynamics of the demographic situation and the reproductive potential of residents byDerbent and Derbent district of Dagestan. It was revealed that the differentiation between the districts in terms of demographic findings and women reproductive health indicators increases, which affects the performance of birth care services.

   Pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are considered as a risk group for the development of severe complications and an unfavorable outcome of a new coronavirus infection. At the same time, various non-gestational factors may be an additional unfavorable background that determines the course of this disease in pregnant women.

   The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical and anamnestic data of pregnant women with different course of a new coronavirus infection.

   Material and research methods. A retrospective analysis of the history and comorbidity data of 360 pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. The features of the reproductive history and extragenital pathology of pregnant women with different course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) were revealed. The standard collection of anamnesis and clinical examination was carried out, which is required to fill in the medical records of an outpatient and inpatient patient. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Statistica (version 6.0).

   Research results. It has been established that among pregnant women with a severe course of this disease, patients who use nicotine-containing products and have such concomitant somatic pathologies as diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypothyroidism, iron deficiency anemia, chronic arterial hypertension and varicose veins are significantly more common. Unfavorable factors of the reproductive history include: abortion, non-developing pregnancy, preeclampsia.

   Conclusion. To predict the course of a new coronavirus disease in the gestational period, it is necessary to take into account the listed clinical and anamnestic data of the patient.

  The paper presents the results of a study of iron metabolism in full-term infants conceived naturally and using in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology. The data obtained allowed us to conclude that there were no statistically significant differences in the studied indicators in the groups and did not reveal the effect of IVF technology on the iron metabolism of full-term newborns.

   The purpose of the study. To study and compare the data of iron metabolism - hemoglobin, serum iron, serum transferrin receptor (sTfR), ferritin, ferritin index (sTfR/logFer), transferrin saturation, zinc protoporphyrin/ heme ratio in full-term infants conceived using IVF technology and children born by natural conception.

   Materials and methods. Clinical, biochemical and statistical methods were used in the work. The indicators of hemogram and ferrokinetics were determined in 20 full-term children conceived by observation, and in 18 children born using the technology of in vitro fertilization.

   Research results. In full-term children born as a result of IVF procedure, the level of Hb it was 17,03 ± 0,82 g/dl. The level of serum iron was comparable in the study groups (in full–term children conceived naturally, it is 26,09 ± 0,68 μmol/l, in children conceived by IVF – 25,24 ± 0,5 μmol/l). Studies of the ferritin level in full–term children conceived in the traditional way showed values of 175,73 ± 11,63 μg/l, in children after IVF procedure – 177,04 ± 11,21 μg/l. When calculating the ferritin index (sTfR / log10 Ferritin), data were obtained - in full-term children, the ferritin index is 3,72 ± 0,28 and 4,03 ± 0,36 mg/l depending on the method of conception, the differences are not statistically significant. In full-term children conceived naturally, the TS level was determined to be 61,18 ± 4,11 %, and in full-term children born as a result of traditional conception – 61,77 ± 5,3 %.

   Conclusion. The study allowed us to conclude that there is no statistically significant effect of the IVF method on iron metabolism and ferrokinetic factors in full-term newborns conceived by this method.

   The influence of external factors can significantly deviate the distribution of somatotypes from the indicators of the general population, which makes researchers select the most suitable scheme of somato-typing from the already known ones or construct their own. Applicants of military universities are a particular case of such samples, formed as a result of a complex of factors, including the work of military medical commissions.

   The aim was to use cluster analysis to develop an integrative classification for assessing the physical development of practically healthy adolescents. Materials and methods.

   The object of the study was 280 applicants (234 boys and 46 girls), who were examined by specialists in the medical commissions of military commissariats and were considered to be practically healthy. Anthropometric data were analyzed: body length, body weight, length of the torso, limbs, girth dimensions of the torso and limbs, as well as body component
composition. Hierarchical cluster analysis by the Ward method and Kendall's correlation coefficient were used in the study.

   Results. By means of cluster analysis of the physical development indicators of the virtually healthy individuals, we identified a significant contribution of body mass index, weight, body length in the formation of three major groups, which we characterized as: the male macrosomatic phenotype, the male mesosomatic phenotype, and the female phenotype. Based on the proportion of muscle and fat tissue, visceral fat, distal diameter of the forearm as an indicator of bone development, body mass index and thickness of the skin-fat fold of the anterior abdominal wall, the following subgroups were identified: male macrosomatic phenotype, with hyperstenic features, male macrosomatic phenotype, with normosthenic features, male mesosomatic phenotype with digestive features, male mesosomatic phenotype with mesotonic features, male mesosomatic muscle phenotype, female megalosomic athletic and subathletic phenotype, female stenoplastic phenotype.

   Conclusion. The used statistical approach allows to change the classical paradigm of searching for a universal methodology of somatotyping, to the creation of algorithms of compilation of well-known schemes of physical development evaluation in the selected population groups.

   The purpose of the study: analysis of examination and treatment data of patients with diabetic retinopathy in the adult population of the city of Astrakhan.

   Materials and methods. The medical records of 1111 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated in the ophthalmological and endocrinological departments of the Aleksandro-Mariinsky Regional Clinical Hospital from January to August 2022 were studied. All patients were examined using standard clinical, laboratory, and instrumental examination methods.

   Research results. According to our data, in recent years, the incidence of diabetes mellitus among the adult population of Astrakhan has more than doubled. Of the 1111 examined patients, 185 were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (16,7 %), and the remaining 926 patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (83,3 %). The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy of varying severity during the examination of patients with diabetes mellitus was established in 77 out of 185 examined patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (41,6 %) and in 665 out of 926 with diabetes mellitus type 2 (71,8 %). Thus, against the background of an increase in the incidence of diabetes, there is a tendency to reduce the incidence of diabetic retinopathy among the adult population of Astrakhan, which can be explained not only by the widespread use of transretinal laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy, but also by new methods for monitoring blood glucose, hypertension and serum lipids.

   Conclusion. Diabetic retinopathy is a highly specific vascular complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of retinopathy is closely related to the duration of diabetes. After 20 years of diabetes, almost all patients with type 1 diabetes and more than 60 % of patients with type 2 diabetes have some degree of retinopathy. The best screening method for diabetic retinopathy is an extended eye examination performed by an ophthalmologist. Modern ophthalmic diagnostic and treatment methods can prevent or delay the onset of diabetic retinopathy, as well as prevent vision loss in a significant proportion of diabetic patients.

   Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the third leading cause of death in the world. According to studies, 20 % of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cases are associated with an occupational factor. It seems to be impossible to find in modern publications unambiguous answers to the questions regarding the relationship between chronic bronchitis of occupational etiology and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as spirometry indicators in dynamics in patients with such pathologies.

   The study aimed to analyze the comparative dynamics of spirometry indicators in patients with chronic bronchitis of occupational etiology CB OE, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of occupational etiology and pneumoconiosis.

   Materials and methods. In the clinic of the Nizhny Novgorod research institute for hygiene and occupational pathology, 245 trainees occupied in mechanical engineering were examined; they had been exposed to silica-containing dust during their work and were in the post-contact period. The parameters dynamics of the external respiration function was analyzed retrospectively throughout the entire duration of observation (about 10
years).

   Results. According to the data obtained, in half of the patients with the initial chronic bronchitis of occupational etiology forced expiratory volume in 1 second statistically significantly decreased by 21 % over 10 years, and the modified Tiffno index became less than 0,7. At the same time, in the group with initial chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of occupational etiology, the decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 10 %. Correlative analysis revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between forced expiratory volume in 1 second and documented disease duration.

   Conclusion. Chronic bronchitis of occupational etiology from exposure to silica dust is a disease with a high risk of transformation into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of occupational etiology. It should be advised to patients with chronic bronchitis of occupational etiology who are occupied in hazardous industrial conditions to employ somewhere without exposure to silica-containing dust, due to the high risk of the disease progression; also, in-depth examination to detect early signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be recommended. Thus, patients with chronic bronchitis of occupational etiology require a comprehensive implementation of the recommendations for secondary prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which will slow down the progression of respiratory disorders, prevent disability and preserve the capacity of patients to work.

   The main goal of the study was to prevent the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients with colorectal cancer receiving adjuvant therapy with 5-fluorouracil.

   Materials and methods. The study included 60 patients with a verified diagnosis of localized or locally advanced colon and rectosigmoid cancer after radical surgical treatment. The patients are divided into two groups. The first group included 28 people who were found to have Helicobacter pylori during fibrogastroduodenoscopy and 13C-respiratory urease test. Patients underwent anti-Helicobacter and gastroprotective therapy before adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil according to the developed scheme. The second group included 32 people. Tests for infection with Helicobacter pylori in these patients were negative, they did not receive gastroprotective therapy.

   Research results. The study showed the effectiveness of prophylactic therapy administered to patients from the first group before the start of the adjuvant chemotherapy program, since ulcerative lesions of the mucous membranes of the stomach and duodenum in patients were detected less frequently, responded better to conservative therapy, and also did not cause a delay in the next course of drug treatment. including 5-fluorouracil. When preventive antiulcer treatment was administered, the chance of developing ulcer complications in patients decreased by 5.08 times. The most vulnerable in terms of mucosal damage were female patients of elderly and senile age, complications developed even against the background of antiulcer treatment.

   Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an autoimmune, relatively rare multisystem disease of unknown etiology, of which late diagnosis and late initiation of therapy can lead to a child's disability and even lethal outcome. The disease begins in most cases at the age of 5–12 years though can manifest itself both in earlier, and at more advanced age. This disease has a pronounced clinical polymorphism, which complicates early diagnosis and therapy. The article provides a brief overview of research carried out in recent years. A rare case of development of juvenile dermatomyositis in a teenager is considered. Attention is drawn to the complexity of staging this disease during the initial treatment for medical care. A positive dynamics of the course of the disease was shown against the background of correctly selected therapy. The importance of adherence to the prescribed treatment is indicated, the refusal of which can lead to adverse outcomes.

   Various variants of the clinical manifestation of the development of acute pyelonephritis in children are presented. Attention is drawn to the need for a detailed survey and examination of a sick child with suspected acute pyelonephritis. It is shown that laboratory diagnostics helps in making the specified diagnosis and prescribing the necessary therapy. In differential diagnosis, it is important to understand the causes of the development of clinical manifestations of various diseases.