A scientific review of the literature provides information on promising biological markers of signalling molecular targets at the level of brain structures in cerebral palsy, the need for a search for which is due to late diagnosis of the disease, low adaptability of the child's body to increase physical activity, and symptomatic approach to the implementation of the treatment process. To resolve such issues, systematic information on biological indicators responsible for the development of dysregulation disorders involved in the implementation of pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of this pathology is required.

Neurotrophic factors are involved in the regulation of growth, development, differentiation and survival of nerve cells, as well as in the processes of their adaptation to exogenous effects. A nerve growth factor is the dominant neurotrophic factor that acts on sympathetic and sensory neurons and provides trophic support for the basal forebrain neurons. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor - one of the most studied neurotrophic factors of the central nervous system, can cause the growth of neurons, axons and dendrites, and is also involved in the formation of synapses. Many mental and neurodegenerative disorders are associated with altered levels of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and altered expression of their receptors. It has also been shown that both excessive and insufficient expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is observed not only in children with neurodegenerative and mental disorders but also in elderly people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Elevated levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, obviously, play a compensatory trophic role for the survival of neurons in the development of neurodegenerative disorders.

This review article provides relevant data on the state of the microbiological biocenosis of the bronchopulmonary system in patients with cystic fibrosis. The main etiopathogenetic links of the development of the pathological process in cystic fibrosis are reflected, the main pathogens of bacterial complications are described. Besides, the characteristics of the microbial landscape of the lung tissue with the indicated congenital genetic pathology are characterized, the relationship of possible infectious complications with the existing background pathological process is shown. The role of iron as a factor is described, on the one hand, exacerbating the course of the infectious process, and on the other, allowing explaining the emerging microecological disturbances arising from mixed infections with cystic fibrosis, leading to the development of serious, often life-threatening complications. The fundamental biochemical processes that regulate the delivery of iron to microbial cells are described, as well as possible new therapeutic approaches to combat infectious complications that can further improve the prognosis of the course of the underlying disease for this group of patients, are presented.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common hereditary disease, the life expectancy and prognosis of which is determined by the severity of respiratory pathology. One of the most prognostically unfavorable pathogens in this disease are bacteria Burkholderia cepacia complex. With bronchopulmonary colonization, they can lead to the development of “cepacia” - a syndrome that is one of the main causes of mortality in patients. From the beginning of colonization until its completion, a significant number of adaptive changes aimed at its preservation occur in the microbial population. One of such processes can be considered the phenomenon of heterogeneity. The review shows the experience of European researchers, reflecting the microbiological and clinical significance of this phenomenon, as well as a number of other adaptation processes. It is shown that strains isolated at the beginning and end of infection differ in their morphological and cultural properties, sensitivity to antibiotics and ultraviolet radiation, ability to adhesion and invasion, as well as the production of O-antigen and the ability to utilize iron.

The article presents information about biological markers of immune homeostasis of the liver. The data testifying to complex mechanisms of system coordination of physiological and pathophysiological processes in it are presented. The article provides evidence of accompanying the functional activity of the liver by the nervous, endocrine and immune systems of the body. The role of innate immunity in inflammatory changes of the liver was revealed. It is shown that the organ participates in specific and non-specific reactions of the immune system in normal and in conditions of dysregulation changes in homeostasis. Structural components of the liver immune system are characterized: lymphoid and non-lymphoid populations that act as biomarkers of the regulation of the immune state of the liver, which confirms the participation of the liver in the protective and adaptive capabilities of the body.

The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease takes a leading position among respiratory diseases, which leads to complications associated with death, disability and mortality of patients, as well as significant damage to the health of people and the general population. The article contains topical issues of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases prevention using vaccination, discusses approaches of pneumococcal vaccines using to reduce the risk of developing community-acquired pneumonia. The materials of the article provide data on the use of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines to ensure stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease course. This article highlights the evidence-based rational vaccination oft his patient’s category and the experience of vaccine prophylaxis in the framework of primary health care to the population.

This article presents data revealing the issues of experimental modeling of thyroid pathology in laboratory animals (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, etc.), as well as an analysis of research studies studying functional disorders of various body systems occurring in these experimental conditions. Among the most reliable and easily reproducible experimental models of thyroid pathologies, chemical models are widely used today. It is shown that against the background of thyroid diseases, the functional state of the immune, cardiovascular, nervous, and other body systems changes.

The problem of predicting the development of acute cerebrovascular accident in patients with coronary heart disease is highlighted for the timely identification of risk groups and individual prevention of complications. The current literature data on the prognostic significance of risk factors and clinical predictors of stroke are considered. Statistical forecasting models are presented, including the clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease and cerebral atherosclerosis, neurological symptoms, diagnostically significant laboratory parameters, cerebral hemodynamic parameters, and coronary angiography results. The most justified and promising direction of cardiac neurology for the further scientific search for the optimal treatment strategy for patients with coronary heart disease is the individual prognosis.

Aim. To evaluate the clinical contribution of protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA-II) for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The second aim was to compare PIVKA-II with routinely used alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for the same indication. Materials and methods. 310 participants were enrolled in our study: 60 with HCC, 40 with liver metastases of colorectal cancer origin, 40 with liver cirrhosis, 20 with pancreatic cancer (PC) and 150 healthy individuals. Serum levels of PIVKA-II were measured using a chemiluminescent assay of the Architect 1000i System (“Abbott”, USA) and AFP levels using a chemiluminescent assay by DxI 800 (“Beckman Coulter”, USA). Serum concentrations of PIVKA-II and AFP were compared between the group with HCC and the other mentioned groups. Results. PIVKA-II achieved better clinical sensitivity in comparison with AFP. PIVKA-II achieved its best sensitivity (96,9 %) in distinguishing between the HCC and control group with the proposed cut-off value of 60 mAU/ml. Conclusion. PIVKA-II can be used alongside routinely established AFP as a valuable marker in the diagnosis of HCC.

The article presents the data of our own research devoted to the study of clinical and medical history data, the course of the perinatal period, somatic health of mothers and the influence of these factors on the development and course of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in children. In the course of the work, it was revealed that the leading predictors determining the severity of the course of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in children are the gestational age of the child, body weight at birth, the course of the perinatal period, concomitant somatic pathology of the mother, as well as the duration of the respiratory support. The clinical course of the disease, the nature of the microbiota of respiratory and morphological changes on CT lungs, as well as the outcomes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia are associated with the severity of the disease.

Based on the results of a survey of 185 patients aged 18 to 25 years with small abnormalities of heart development and congenital neurosensory hearing loss of I-IV degree, they selected adaptive sports programs: football, volleyball, swimming, power sports. Physical adaptation had a positive effect on the cardiovascular system of the studied in the form of a decrease in the frequency of detectable arrhythmias, improvement of myocardial repolarization processes. Adaptive football, volleyball, adaptive swimming classes turned out to be more effective than power sports, in connection with the regular training of the cardiorespiratory system.