The review article examined the problem of assessing the state of the pancreas in obesity in adults and children, reveals the definitions that are used in medicine for changes in the pancreas, indicates the inconsistency of terms related to the deposition of fat cells in the pancreas. Diagnostic possibilities of anamnesis, objective status, paraclinical data (laboratory, instrumental indicators) are shown, the close connection of pancreatic fat infiltration with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome is emphasized. It is emphasized that the determining value in determining the fat infiltration of the pancreas is given to ultrasound examination, which is assigned the role of screening, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, with their high sensitivity and specificity. It is indicated that the literature data on the assessment of the state of the pancreas in children with obesity are few and ambiguous.

Opioid receptors belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are by far the most common class of cell membrane receptors, and are also targets of about one-third of the drugs used. Opioid receptors are widely studied due to their localization in various parts of the body (for example, in the brain, spinal cord, digestive tract, etc.), their crucial role in pain management, drug abuse. In addition to their still-invincible analgesic effects, opioid medications are accompanied by various side effects, including vomiting, nausea, constipation, the development of tolerance and addiction. Thus, over the years, significant efforts have been made to discover new drugs, aimed at reducing the disadvantages of these drugs while maintaining their therapeutic effectiveness. Despite this significant amount of work done over several years, safe and effective opioid remedies remain a mystery to the pharmaceutical industry.

Childrien's torticollis is the most widespread disease, that is why it is necessary to make a research about its etiology and prevention. There is a need to acquire refined x-ray anatomical data and a more complete interpretation of the data of radiation diagnosis of the cervical spine. This will improve the diagnosis and predict the occurrence of recurrence of rotational displacements in the segment C1-C2 vertebrae. Today radiation diagnostics is the leading one in assessing the causes of skeletal pathology in children, and the most important information can be obtained by CT-3D examination, thanks to which the possibilities and results of radiation studies of dysplastic processes in the cervical spine in children with pathology in the C1-C2 segment can be studied.

The review article describes the physicochemical and biological properties of lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and other urine peptides with antimicrobial activity. It was shown that proteins and peptides not only exhibit antibacterial, antifungicidal and even antiviral properties, but also directly affect various parts of the immune system. At the biochemical and cellular levels, these proteins and peptides have many specific mechanisms of influence on specific pathogens, both by the principle of modulation of specific immunity factors and by the mechanism of action on nonspecific resistance. The established facts create the prospect of using drugs based on antibacterial uroproteins as diagnostic tools and drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infections.

Problems of insomnia in elderly age are relevant because they relate to 80 % of elderly people. Estimations of present pharmacotherapy of sleep disturbance reveal that the greatest part of medicines has an extremely undesirable and dangerous side effect. At the same time, the problem of self-treatment with medicines without doctors’ allowance is acute in Russia. Complex analysis of sleep disturbance of elderly patients allows developing the arrangements directed to medical help optimization of sleep disturbance of this category of people and their life quality. A deep study of this problem and the development of pharmacotherapy optimum is the main factor of long active life.

The article studies the characteristics of the indicators of the width of the basal arches of the upper jaw taking into account the skull type. The minimum and maximum limits and the average statistical parameters of the basal arch widths at different levels of measurement were determined. The identity of the arched width indicators from the vestibular side of male and female in each craniotype was revealed. The superiority of the arc width indicator from the palatal side in men was found only at the level of the canines in the mesocranial type of the skull. With a brachicranial type of skull, the width of the arch on both sides has more than other types and does not depend on sex.

The study aimed to analyse the effect of the Leu-Ile-Lys-Met tetrapeptide on the function of the kidneys and the formation of renal calculi in rats with experimental 6-week oxalate nephrolithiasis. The experiments were conducted on 20 outbred male Wistar rats 2-3 months old and weighing 250-300 grams, divided equally into 2 groups - comparison (6 weeks of nephrolithiasis modeling) and experimental (6 weeks of nephrolithiasis simulation + daily intragastric administration of Leutetrapeptide) Ile-Lys-Met at a dose of 12 mg/kg from 4 to 6 weeks). Oxalate nephrolithiasis was modelled using a conventional ethylene glycol model. Before starting nephrolithiasis modelling, and then every 7 days in urine, biochemical parameters of renal function were determined: diuresis, creatinine excretion and activity of marker enzymes of nephrothelial damage - lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyltransferase. After 6 weeks of the experiment, the rats were euthanized under ether anaesthesia and kidneys were removed for morphological assessment of the degree of intensity of stone formation. It was established that the level of diuresis in both groups throughout the experiment remained stable and did not differ between the groups. Creatinine excretion in the comparison group by the end of the experiment decreased by 2 times (p = 0,017), and remained stable in the experimental group. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyltransferase in the experimental group by the end of treatment was significantly lower than the level of the comparisons group. Thus, it was found that the three-week use of the Leu-Ile-Lys-Met tetrapeptide in experimental oxalate nephrolithiasis normalizes renal function and weakens nephrocyte damage, which is accompanied by the absence of signs of stone formation in the kidneys.

In the course of work, 104 patients diagnosed with Acute Coronary Syndrome referral studied levels of biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction - asymmetric dimethylarginine, a highly sensitive C-reactive protein, fractalkine and transferrin. Patients with acute coronary syndrome were divided into two main groups - with unstable angina (n = 41) and with acute myocardial infarction (n = 63). In the first group, two subgroups were identified - patients with first-onset angina (n = 15) and patients with advanced angina (n = 26). As a control group, 20 somatically healthy individuals were examined. As a result of the study, all patients with acute coronary syndrome showed statistically significant changes in the levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, fractalkine and transferrin compared to the group of somatically healthy individuals. The most pronounced changes in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction biomarker levels are found in the group of patients with acute myocardial infarction. From the results of correlation analysis, the presence of relationships between the levels of biomarkers studied was revealed. The greater strength of the relationships found was recorded in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The highest Spearman correlation coefficient (r) values were observed in all study groups of patients with acute coronary syndrome between asymmetric dimethylarginine and transferrin levels.

One of the important directions in the development of physiology and pharmacology is the study of the influence of various stress factors and the development of methods for pharmacological correction of impaired body functions under stress. The search for potential drugs characterized by a high degree of safety and having a corrective effect in conditions of altered body functions is urgent. In this experiment we studied the effect of neuropeptides belonging to the glyproline group (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro (Selank), Pro-Gly-Pro and Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu) on the intensity of redox reactions in the structures of the brain under conditions of experimental “social” stress. The experiment was carried out on non-linear male rats, which were exposed to “social” stress for 20 days and received the studied glyprolines intraperitoneally at doses of 100 mg / kg for 20 days. During the experiment the catalase activity, the initial content of malondialdehyde, the rate of spontaneous and ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidationin the hypothalamic and prefrontal regions of the brain were determined by the spectrophotometric method. It was found that under the influence of Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro (Selank), Pro-Gly-Pro and Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu, there is a pronounced inhibition of free radical oxidation processes in the hypothalamic and prefrontal regions of the brain that have arisen against the background of stressful load which is manifested by a decrease in the indicators of the oxidative process.

The high prevalence of cytomegalovirus among the population actualizes the problem of diagnosis and treatment of patients with congenital and early postnatal forms of infection in modern paediatrics. Description of a rare clinical case. The presented observation demonstrates the non-specificity of the infectious process caused by cytomegalovirus occurring under the “mask” of other diseases; the complexity of the diagnostic search; the importance of a thorough history taking for timely diagnosis and the effectiveness of the inclusion of recombinant human alpha-2b interferon in the treatment of patients with a subclinical variant of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. The presented case allows us to expand the understanding of the reversibility of nonspecific symptoms of clinical manifestations of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and the effectiveness of recombinant interferons in the treatment of complex viral infections.