The article presents data from Russian and foreign literature on the problem of the open ductus arteriosus in preterm newborns. The mechanisms of intrauterine and postnatal functioning of the ductus arteriosus in term and preterm newborns are described. The clinical manifestations of the functioning of the ductus arteriosus and the mechanisms of its effect on systemic hemodynamics in preterm newborns are considered. A comparative analysis of current Russian and foreign clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with the hemodynamically significant open ductus arteriosus is carried out. The article focuses on modern approaches to instrumental diagnostics. Debatable issues of echocardiographic criteria of hemodynamic significance of the functioning ductus arteriosus are highlighted. Information is provided on the history and relevance of this problem in neonatology and pediatrics.

The high incidence of tuberculosis, the increase in the number of multidrug-resistant cases and the combined pathology with HIV infection dictate the need to search for new targets for the development of modern diagnostic tests, vaccines and treatment methods for tuberculosis. Immune cells produce cytokines when recognizing fragments of mycobacteria. Functional differences in cytokine synthesis are a factor in the immune system dysregulation, which can lead to the development of the disease. The review presents current data about the main cytokines involved in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis infection, assessed their impact on the course and development of the disease, presents data on the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with tuberculosis.

Microbiological research on tuberculosis is a complex and strictly regulated process, the main purpose of which is the isolation and identification of mycobacteria of the tuberculosis complex. This process involves the use of a specific list of culture media, as well as the process of decontamination, aimed at suppressing the growth of concomitant bacterial microflora.The use of additional culture media for primary inoculation during the study for tuberculosis allows one to isolate not only classical “contaminants” from the clinical material, but also microflora, which has clinical significance in certain groups of patients.The results obtained in the study allow us to conclude that representatives of acid-resistant actinomycetes stand out in the structure of the contaminating microflora that grew on liquid media much more often. Among which were isolated non-tuberculous mycobacteria with atypical cultural properties, as well as representatives of the genera Nocardia spp., Gordonia spp., Rhodococcus spp., Tsukamurella spp.

The results of epidemiological data and a comprehensive study of the clinical manifestations of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever depending on the severity of the disease in the Astrakhan region for the period 2005-2018 are presented. These data allowed us to analyze the epidemiological situation and identify the features of the current course of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever in the Astrakhan region at the present stage.

Long-term cooperation FSBI “Gamaleya Federal Scientific Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology”, Russia and Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Russia on the research of spontaneous Mycoplasma infection in different monkey species of the Adler colony showed a wide prevalence of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma carriers. Mycoplasma isolated from the apes and forming mini-colonies are similar to those isolated from patients with various chronic pathological processes. The cells of mini-colonies are resistant to various unfavourable factors causing the death of cells of classical colonies. The cells of mini-colonies are resistant to antibiotics, which have fundamentally different mechanisms of action.

The study examined the antimicrobial activity of Astragalus vulpinus Willd. extract under in vitro conditions of six strains of microorganisms by successive dilutions and diffusion into agar. The most sensitive microorganisms to the extract Astragalus vulpinus Willd. have been found to be Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia soli, Enterococcus aerogenes. The antimicrobial effect on Gram-negative microorganisms was more pronounced in comparison with Gram-positive microorganisms, which showed bacteriostatistic action on Staphylococcus aureus and bactericidal action on strains Enterococcus aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis.

The article deals with Semax on the microecological state in colon mucosa of a rat under restraint stress. Semax was injected to Wistar male rats intraperitoneally at doses 5, 50, 150, 450 μg / kg 12-15 minutes before the start of stress. Stress led to a change in the structure of colon microbiome, due to an increase in the frequency of occurrence and the relative average for opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms. The established data indicate a significant role of restraint stress in the dysbiosis creation. Semax dosed 50 and 150 μg / kg had a corrective effect stress-induced change in the structure of colon microbiocenosis. The revealed effects of Semax can be realized due to the central and peripheral mechanisms of action of the neuropeptide.

An evaluation of technological prospects of mucosal lectins of the human mucosal biotope is presented. Protective lectins act as imitators of cells, reveal properties of carriers, deliveries, and distributors of glycopolymers (prebiotics, therapeutics, surface décors supporting functioning cells, tissues and organs) against infections and tumors. The lectin systems recognizing and binding synthetic sets of glycopolymers serve effective instruments for constructing biotope consortia. The model of a minimal bioreactor for testing prebiotic properties of glycopolymers, lectins and/or metal cations is proposed.