Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor among many microorganisms, it is also important for the formation of persistent forms which result in chronicity of pathological processes within macro organisms. The development of new technologies in molecular biology, biochemical studies and imaging techniques leads to a better understanding of biofilm formation. The question of using these technologies in vitro and/or in vivo is relevant in modern conditions. The lack of standardized methods of biofilm culturing is troublesome for researchers. The results of studies performed in one laboratory might not be reproduced and confirmed by other independent researchers. Culturing techniques designed for microscopy investigation may be useless for other types of analyses, such as harvesting biofilm biomass for biochemical measurements. In most cases these culturing methods can be adapted to study certain aspects of the system in which the researcher is interested. All methods of experimental reproduction of biofilms can be divided into two major groups - methods using “closed” and those using “open” systems. The main advantage of the second group of methods consists in receipt and renewal of nutrients, removal of metabolites and, as a result, the creation of external conditions maximally similar to the natural habitats of microorganisms. A variety of microbiological, physical, chemical and molecular methods are used to visualize and study the quantitative and qualitative composition of biofilms.

The review presents information on the current approach to the issue of stimulation of immunity in the emergency prevention and treatment of dangerous bacterial infections. Any infectious process, regardless of the type of pathogen, degree of virulence and infecting dose is invariably accompanied by a decrease in the body's defenses. In this regard, a reasonable immunocorrection of emerging immunodeficiency states is an important part of the complex therapy for infectious lesions in general and for especially dangerous infections, in particular. The greatest practical application in the fight against infections caused by bacterial pathogens have been found by drugs that mainly affect the T-system of immunity: recombinant cytokines (betaleukin, roncoleukin, ingaron, interferons, colony-stimulating factors), synthetic peptides - analogues of active centers of thymic hormones (bestim, imunofan ), the thiopoietin drug glutoxim. The data on the development and testing of new immunocorrective drugs of various nature, including biopolymers of natural origin, isolated from marine hydrobionts and representatives of the Far Eastern flora

The problem of surgical treatment of extended strictures remains relevant to this day. This article presents the historical data of improving the methods of surgical treatment of extended strictures. The main methods of surgical treatment, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are highlighted, modern types of surgical treatment of urethral strictures are described. The article also presents statistical data from multicenter research on the effectiveness of surgical treatment methods, as well as the frequency of relapses after surgery.

This review examines experimental modelling methods for diabetes mellitus in laboratory animals. There are presented scientific literary data revealing the development of experimental models of diabetes mellitus, as well as disorders developing in this pathophysiological process by various functional systems of the organism. The characteristics of various experimental models of diabetes mellitus in animals (surgical, chemical, endocrine, immune and genetic) are given. The functional state of immune, cardiovascular, nervous and other systems is shown to change against the background of diabetes mellitus.

The influence of the mineral water of the Komsomolskoye deposit on the indicators of free-radical homeostasis was studied in an animal experiment. It has been shown that this mineral water activated certain links of the antioxidant chain (increasing the activity of erythrocyte catalase by 65 %) and helped to reduce the intensity of ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation, which resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of malondialdehyde in the blood of experimental animals. Perhaps the ability to reduce the intensity of oxidative processes and at the same time activate antioxidant protection systems may underlie the protective anti-ulcer action of this mineral water.

The article presents the results of a study characterizing the relationship between the dose and the pharmacological effect of a new pyrimidine derivative under conditions of simulated chronic traumatic encephalopathy in rats; as a comparator drug was alpha glycerol phosphoryl choline. Pathology was modeled by mechanical action of a load of 150 g of mass on the parietal region of the rat skull during a seven-day period (once a day). The pharmacological effect was assessed by the content of specific neurodegeneration markers: GFAP, amyloid-beta, S100B protein, NSE, using an enzyme immunoassay method of analysis. It has been established that the introduction of a dose of 100 mg / kg of a new pyrimidine derivative has the most pronounced pharmacological effect, in the form of a reliable and statistically significant reduction in the content of brain tissue verification markers compared to the group of animals of negative control, which by the effect size exceeds the reference drug of alpha glycerol phosphoryl choline, that makes further research of this compound promising.

Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria are the most prognostically adverse pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Strains are characterized by pronounced transmissibility and ability to spread among patients. Early detection of these bacteria is a necessary condition for eradication and prevention of spread in a hospital. The study of sputum by polymerase chain reaction is included in the list of examinations of patients with cystic fibrosis in Europe, but is not used in routine practice in Russia yet. Development and approbation of 2 test systems for early detection of Burkholderia cepacia complex DNA in sputum by polymerase chain reaction was carried out. The results allow to speak of implementing these studies in the routine practice of laboratories of cystic fibrosis centers in the Russian Federation.

In total we examined 108 patients divided into two groups: patients with myocardial infarction, n = 52 and patients with a comorbid pathology (myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), (n = 56). The control group included somatically healthy individuals, n = 25. The level of homocysteine in blood plasma samples was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Among patients with myocardial infarction with hyperhomocysteinemia and myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with hyperhomocysteinemia, we observed an increased number of patients with complicated myocardial infarction in comparison with patients with normohomocysteinemia (in the corresponding group). We revealed an increase of absolute risk, relative risk and the ratio of the chances of complications in patients with myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in comparison with patients with myocardial infarction. Statistically significant prevalence of complications with myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with hyperhomocysteinemia in comparison with the group of patients with myocardial infarction with hyperhomocysteinemia wasn’t established. The association of an increase in the level of homocysteine with the development of complications in both myocardial infarction and myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was revealed.

We studied the level of apoptosis and lipid peroxidation of the cerebellar cortex, parvocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex young and old male BALB-c mice that were subjected to water deprivation stress (4 days) while taking alpha-tocopherol acetate (10 days, 0,5 mg per 100 g of body weight). The relationship between the dynamics of the level of apoptosis and the level of lipid peroxidation under the influence of water deprivation stress in all studied brain parts has been confirmed. Correction of the effects of the water deprivation stress by a-tocopherol in old animals revealed significant tissue-specific features in the dynamics of the level of lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in all central nervous system parts. In young animals the combined effect of a-tocopherol and water deprivation stress lead to significant changes just in cerebral cortex - to cellular growth of apoptosis and decreasing of lipid peroxidation. The combined effect of a-tocopherol and water deprivation stress to central nervous system has led to unidirectional changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and apoptosis from the tissue of the hypothalamus and cerebellum cortex and multidirectional - in the cerebral cortex.

The article presents the results of the research conducted to study the characteristics of changes in functional status, quality of life, frequency of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic heart failure of ischemic origin during diuretic therapy with furosemide and torasemide. 100 patients with chronic heart failure II-IV functional class were included in the research; all the patients were divided into 2 groups, each consisted of 50 patients, depending on the diuretic drug used (furosemide or torasemide). In the first group, treatment with furosemide was carried out, in the second group treatment was carried out with torasemide. The control group consisted of 21 with chronic heart failure. They had stable effort angina of exertion I-II functional class without signs of heart failure. The following research methods were used in the work: the clinical state assessment scale by V.Yu. Marev (V.Yu. Marev scale), The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire on the quality of life of patients with heart failure, the 6-minute walk test. The results of the study showed that against the background of long-term treatment with diuretics, a significant improvement in the clinical condition was observed according to the clinical condition assessment scale from 8,5 to 13,7 scores with furosemide therapy and from 7,1 to 12,1 with torasemide therapy, p < 0,01, which is accompanied by a decrease in functional class of chronic heart failure in both groups according to the test results with a 6-minute walk test. When assessing the quality of life, its improvement was observed, which was reflected in the decrease in the number of scores from 71,6 to 46,4 with furosemide and from 69,7 to 40,5 with torasemide.

Results of the research conducted for the purpose of the analysis of clinical (neurologic) signs of the patients having hernias of intervertebral disks of cervical department of a backbone are stated. Besides, conditions of the choice of surgical tactics and the comparative analysis of the received results are provided. The retrospective analysis of 91 case reports of the patients operated in Educational and surgical Clinic of the Azerbaijani medical university and in Uniklinika with the diagnosis of hernia of an intervertebral disk of cervical department of a backbone of various etiology is carried out. From them 78 patients were operated with use of modern implants while in 13 cases of an operative measure similar implants are not used. It is proved, that use of implants improves the clinical (neurologic) status of the operated patients as in group of such patients the full decompression and stabilization of a backbone was reached. In the remote postoperative period complete recovery of the lost functions were observed.

The article presents information on the results of the treatment of allergic dermatosis associated with intestinal parasitoses against the background of normal intestinal microflora and against the background of dysbacteriosis. The intestinal microflora was studied in 73 patients with only allergic dermatosis and 108 patients with allergic dermatosis associated with intestinal parasitoses before and after the treatment. General and biochemical testsof blood, urine, and feces of these patients were performed using generally accepted laboratory research methods. In order to clarify the role of intestinal parasitoses in the clinical course of allergic dermatoses associated with intestinal parasitoses and assess their impact on the treatment, the patients were divided into 2 treatment groups. Group I - 63 patients with allergic dermatosis associated with intestinal parasitoses were treated comprehensively for both pathologies; Group II -45 patients with allergic dermatosis associated with intestinal parasitoses were treated only for allergic dermatoses. The results of the study showed that after treatment of allergic dermatoses associated with intestinal parasitoses against the background of normal microflora, there was a decrease in clinical signs by 3-4 times, and against the background of dysbacteriosis - by 2 times. It was also revealed that the effectiveness of complex treatment of allergic dermatoses associated with intestinal parasitoses (70,80 ± 5,59 %) is significantly higher than the effectiveness of treatment only for allergic dermatoses (27,91 ± 6,79 %).

We studied the role of excess body weight and obesity in mothers during pregnancy in the development of the risk of obesity in children. Feeding habits of women during pregnancy were estimated in groups. The data on physical development of the children born from mothers with excess body weight and obesity during the first 2 years of life are provided. According to the results of the study, by 6 months of life these children have an increased and high growth, an increased body weight; by the age of 2 years, already 37,5 % of the studied in the main group had obesity. The results of the world long-term researches prove the adverse influence of the mother’s obesity during pregnancy on the fetus. Longer observation of children is required, as the risk of obesity goes far beyond the second year of life, increasing the likelihood of health problems in subsequent age periods of a child’s life.

Urine microbiota study of female patients with uncomplicated recurrent lower urinary tract infection was carried out based on the Urology Division and the Department of Microbiology and Virology № 1 of Rostov State Medical University during the period of 2016-2017. The purpose of the study was to increase the efficiency of the therapy and rationality of the antibacterial drugs usage, taking into account the results of individual antibiograms and data on reduced number of disease relapses. Midstream bacteriological pattern was monitored using standard and extended sets of nutrient media on which facultative anaerobic (FAB) and non-clostridial anaerobic bacteria (NAB) can also be cultivated. Antibacterial drugs were prescribed according to clinical guidelines for the management of patients with this urinary tract infection type. Uropathogens` sensetivity to the main antibacterial drugs was determined. High resistance of main uropathogens to medications recommended as first-line therapy has been diagnosed.

The results of surgical treatment of patients with cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis, chronic pancreatitis are presented and analyzed against the background of chronic pancreatitis depending on the stage of inflammatory process. The material for the study was 55 patients who entered the clinic with the diagnosis “Cholelithiasis” at various stages of inflammation. Biochemical analysis of blood of operated patients before and after treatment was carried out. Depending on the stage of the inflammatory process, the patients were divided into three groups. In the course of treatment the preparation antioxidant “Hepabene” (Merckle GmbH, Germany) is used. Clinical and biochemical results of the study showed that the stage of inflammation should be taken into account, and it is also recommended to use therapy with the preparation “Hepabene”, which contributes to the enhancement of the antioxidant protective system of the liver after surgery. Due to the use of this preparation, there was a decrease in mortality of patients compared to the well-known statistics on average by 23 %. In addition, there was a tendency to normalize the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, general bilirubin sufficiently rapidly.

Not only dermatovenerologists, but also doctors of other specialties are engaged actively in an atopic dermatitis problem solution. The combination of atopic dermatitis to other allergic diseases is known, however the rare combination of a dermatosis even more often meets. The clinical case of atopic dermatitis and a multifocal scleroderma of the child of 12 years are provided. Descriptions of similar clinical cases should be carried out for prevention of errors of diagnostics and also for the purpose of search of interrelation of an etiopathogenesis of diseases, tactics of maintaining and need of comprehensive examination of patients at the first request for medical care for detection of chronic diseases and their correction.