<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">astmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Астраханский медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Astrakhan medical journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1992-6499</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБОУ ВО Астраханский ГМУ Минздрава России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17021/1992-6499-2026-2-194-200</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">astmed-746</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные аспекты иммунопатогенеза лепры: от классических парадигм к новым терапевтическим подходам</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern aspects of leprosy immunopathogenesis: from classical paradigms to novel therapeutic approaches</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-2421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шелепова</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shelepova</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шелепова Татьяна Николаевна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры клинической иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.</p><p>Астрахань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana N. Shelepova - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department, Astrakhan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Astrakhan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shelepovatn@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9787-3736</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Набиева</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nabieva</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Набиева Антонина Рамазановна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры клинической иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.</p><p>Астрахань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antonina R. Nabieva - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department, Astrakhan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Astrakhan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nabiyeva-1981@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6766-079X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронина</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronina</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воронина Людмила Петровна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.</p><p>Астрахань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila P. Voronina - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department, Astrakhan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Astrakhan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">voroninaluda74@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1671-1811</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамгунова</surname><given-names>Б. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamgunova</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шамгунова Белла Амановна - доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры клинической иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.</p><p>Астрахань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bella A. Shamgunova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department, Astrakhan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Astrakhan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">beas2@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Астраханский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Astrakhan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>194</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шелепова Т.Н., Набиева А.Р., Воронина Л.П., Шамгунова Б.A., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шелепова Т.Н., Набиева А.Р., Воронина Л.П., Шамгунова Б.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shelepova T.N., Nabieva A.R., Voronina L.P., Shamgunova B.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.astmedj.ru/jour/article/view/746">https://www.astmedj.ru/jour/article/view/746</self-uri><abstract><p>Современные исследования демонстрируют, что иммунопатогенез лепры не ограничивается классической дихотомией Th1/Th2-ответа, а вовлекает гораздо более широкий спектр клеточных и молекулярных взаимодействий. Цель. Систематизировать современные представления о сложных иммунопатогенетических механизмах лепры, выходящих за рамки классической дихотомии Th1/Th2, и рассмотреть потенциальные иммуно-терапевтические стратегии. Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ современных отечественных и зарубежных научных публикаций, посвященных иммунологии лепры, с использованием баз данных PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary. Результаты. Иммунный ответ при лепре представляет собой динамическую сеть, в которой критическую роль играет баланс между эффекторными популяциями лимфоцитов (Th1, Th17) и регуляторными клетками (Treg, M2-макрофаги), а также функциональное состояние дендритных клеток и врожденных лимфоидных клеток. Mycobacterium leprae обладает широким арсеналом механизмов иммунного ускользания, включая подавление антигенной презентации, индукцию иммуносупрессорного микроокружения и метаболическое репрограммирование клеток-хозяев. Лепрозные реакции (тип 1 и тип 2) являются следствием острого нарушения этого баланса и характеризуются цитокиновым дисбалансом. Заключение. Понимание расширенной иммунорегуляторной сети при лепре открывает перспективы для разработки адъюнктивных методов терапии, таких как таргетная цитокиновая терапия, иммуномодуляция, направленная на Treg, и вмешательства, корригирующие метаболизм макрофагов. Эти подходы направлены на коррекцию иммунного ответа, что особенно актуально для лечения тяжелых и реакционных форм заболевания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern research demonstrates that the immunopathogenesis of leprosy is not limited to the classical Th1/Th2 dichotomy, but involves a much broader spectrum of cellular and molecular interactions. Aim. To systematize current concepts of the complex immunopathogenetic mechanisms of leprosy that extend beyond the classical Th1/Th2 dichotomy and to consider potential immunotherapeutic strategies. Materials and methods. An analysis of contemporary Russian and international scientific publications on the immunology of leprosy was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and eLibrary databases. Results. The immune response in leprosy is a dynamic network where the balance between effector lymphocyte populations (Th1, Th17) and regulatory cells (Treg, M2 macrophages), as well as the functional state of dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells, plays a critical role. Mycobacterium leprae possesses a wide array of immune evasion mechanisms, including suppression of antigen presentation, induction of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming of host cells. Leprosy reactions (type 1 and type 2) result from an acute disruption of this balance and are characterized by cytokine dysregulation. Conclusion. Understanding the expanded immunoregulatory network in leprosy opens prospects for developing adjunctive therapies, such as targeted cytokine therapy, Treg-directed immunomodulation, and interventions that correct macrophage metabolism. These approaches aim to modulate the immune response, which is particularly relevant for the treatment of severe and reactive forms of the disease.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лепра</kwd><kwd>иммунопатогенез</kwd><kwd>Th1-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>Th2-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>регуляторные T-клетки</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>лепрозные реакции</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>leprosy</kwd><kwd>immunopathogenesis</kwd><kwd>Th1 lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>Th2 lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>regulatory T cells</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>leprosy reactions</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Britton W. J., Lockwood D. N. J. Leprosy // Lancet. 2004. Vol. 363 (9416). P. 1209–1219. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15952-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Britton W. J., Lockwood D. N. J. Leprosy. Lancet. 2004; 363 (9416): 1209–1219. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15952-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Modlin R. L. Th1-Th2 paradigm: insights from leprosy // Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994. Vol. 102 (6). P. 828–832. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12382458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Modlin R. L. Th1-Th2 paradigm: insights from leprosy. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1994; 102 (6): 828–832. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12382458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scollard D. M., Adams L. B., Gillis T. P., Krahenbuhl J. L., Truman R. W., Williams D. L. The continuing challenges of leprosy // Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2006. Vol. 19 (2). P. 338–381. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scollard D. M., Adams L. B., Gillis T. P., Krahenbuhl J. L., Truman R. W., Williams D. L. The continuing challenges of leprosy. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2006; 19 (2): 338–381. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krutzik S. R., Ochoa M. T., Sieling P. A., Uematsu S., Ng Y. W., Legaspi A., Liu P. T., Cole S. T., Godowski P. J., Maeda Y., Sarno E. N., Norgard M. V., Brennan P. J., Akira S., Rea T. H., Modlin R. L. Activation and regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 in human leprosy // Nature Medicine. 2003. Vol. 9 (5). P. 525–532. doi: 10.1038/nm864.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krutzik S. R., Ochoa M. T., Sieling P. A., Uematsu S., Ng Y. W., Legaspi A., Liu P. T., Cole S. T., Godowski P. J., Maeda Y., Sarno E. N., Norgard M. V., Brennan P. J., Akira S., Rea T. H., Modlin R. L. Activation and regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 in human leprosy. Nature Medicine. 2003; 9 (5): 525–532. doi: 10.1038/nm864.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mattos K. A., Oliveira V. G., D'Avila H., Rodrigues L. S., Pinheiro R. O., Sarno E. N., Pessolani M. C., Bozza P. T. TLR6-driven lipid droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells: immunoinflammatory platforms associated with bacterial persistence // Journal of Immunology. 2011. Vol. 187 (5). P. 2548–2558. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101344.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mattos K. A., Oliveira V. G., D'Avila H., Rodrigues L. S., Pinheiro R. O., Sarno E. N., Pessolani M. C., Bozza P. T. TLR6-driven lipid droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells: immunoinflammatory platforms associated with bacterial persistence. Journal of Immunology. 2011; 187 (5): 2548–2558. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101344.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moura D. F., de Mattos K. A., Amadeu T. P., Andrade P. R., Sales J. S., Schmitz V., Nery J. A., Sarno E. N., Pessolani M. C. CD163 favors Mycobacterium leprae survival and persistence by promoting anti-inflammatory pathways in lepromatous macrophages // European Journal of Immunology. 2012. Vol. 42 (11). P. 2925–2936. doi: 10.1002/eji.201142198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moura D. F., de Mattos K. A., Amadeu T. P., Andrade P. R., Sales J. S., Schmitz V., Nery J. A., Sarno E. N., Pessolani M. C. CD163 favors Mycobacterium leprae survival and persistence by promoting anti-inflammatory pathways in lepromatous macrophages. European Journal of Immunology. 2012; 42 (11): 2925–2936. doi: 10.1002/eji.201142198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadhu S., Khaitan B. K., Joshi B., Sengupta U., Nautiyal A. K., Mitra D. K. Reciprocity between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells: relevance to polarized immunity in leprosy // PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2016. Vol. 10 (1). P. e0004338. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004338.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadhu S., Khaitan B. K., Joshi B., Sengupta U., Nautiyal A. K., Mitra D. K. Reciprocity between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells: relevance to polarized immunity in leprosy. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2016; 10 (1): e0004338. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004338.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saini C., Ramesh V., Nath I. Increase in TGF-β secreting CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in anergic lepromatous leprosy patients // PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014. Vol. 8 (1). P. e2639. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002639.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saini C., Ramesh V., Nath I. Increase in TGF-β secreting CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in anergic lepromatous leprosy patients. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014; 8 (1): e2639. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002639.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polycarpou A., Walker S. L., Lockwood D. N. J. New findings in the pathogenesis of leprosy and implications for the management of leprosy // Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2013. Vol. 26 (5). P. 413–419. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283642fb6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polycarpou A., Walker S. L., Lockwood D. N. J. New findings in the pathogenesis of leprosy and implications for the management of leprosy. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2013; 26 (5): 413–419. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283642fb6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faber W. R., Iyer A. M., Fajardo T. T., Dekker T. J., Nihal A., Lini R., Pierneef L., Realegeno S., Nigou J., Geijtenbeek T. B., Das P. K. Gene expression profiling of host lipids and Mycobacterium leprae infection identifies new targets for intervention in leprosy // Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2015. Vol. 135 (9). P. 2339–2349. doi: 10.1038/jid.2015.162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faber W. R., Iyer A. M., Fajardo T. T., Dekker T. J., Nihal A., Lini R., Pierneef L., Realegeno S., Nigou J., Geijtenbeek T. B., Das P. K. Gene expression profiling of host lipids and Mycobacterium leprae infection identifies new targets for intervention in leprosy. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2015; 135 (9): 2339–2349. doi: 10.1038/jid.2015.162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montoya D. J., Amaral J. J., D’Amico R., Lee J., Hsu F. F., Humpries D., Teles R. M. B., Liu P. T., Krutzik S. R., Schenk M., Sarno E. N., Rea T. H., Ochoa M. T., Pellegrini M., Bloom B. R., Cheng G., Modlin R. L. Divergent roles of macrophage metabolism in leprosy // Cell Reports. 2021. Vol. 36 (7). P.109533. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montoya D. J., Amaral J. J., D’Amico R., Lee J., Hsu F. F., Humpries D., Teles R. M. B., Liu P. T., Krutzik S. R., Schenk M., Sarno E. N., Rea T. H., Ochoa M. T., Pellegrini M., Bloom B. R., Cheng G., Modlin R. L. Divergent roles of macrophage metabolism in leprosy. Cell Reports. 2021; 36 (7): 109533. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шелепова Т. Н., Набиева А. Р., Воронина Л. П., Луценко А. В., Самотруева М. А. Проблема коморбидности в клинике лепры // Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2023. № 6. С. 81. doi: 10.17513/spno.33037. EDN QLSTNI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelepova T. N., Nabieva A. R., Voronina L. P., Lutsenko A. V., Samotrueva M. A. The problem of comorbidity in leprosy. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya = Modern problems of science and education. 2023; (6): 81. doi: 10.17513/spno.33037. EDN: QLSTNI (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шелепова Т. Н., Воронина Л. П., Набиева А. Р., Орлов Ф. В., Сергеева П. Н., Горбунов Н. В. Исследование тревоги и депрессии у больных лепрой Астраханской области // Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2024. № 3. С. 3. doi: 10.17513/spno.33399. EDN YGSQQQ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelepova T. N., Voronina L. P., Nabieva A. R., Orlov F. V., Sergeeva P. N., Gorbunov N. V. The study of anxiety and depression in patients with leprosy in the Astrakhan region. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya = Modern problems of science and education. 2024; (3): 3. doi: 10.17513/spno.33399. EDN: YGSQQQ (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahawita I. P., Lockwood D. N. J. Towards understanding the pathology of erythema nodosum leprosum // Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008. Vol. 102 (4). P. 329–337. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.01.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahawita I. P., Lockwood D. N. J. Towards understanding the pathology of erythema nodosum leprosum. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008; 102 (4): 329–337. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.01.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семенова В. Г., Левичева Ю. Ю., Шелепова Т. Н., Набиева А. Р., Никоноров А. А., Смольянникова В. А., Кубанов А. А. Клинический случай пограничной формы лепры // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 2021. Т. 97, № 6. С. 96–103. doi: 10.25208/vdv1298. EDN DHIIZS.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenova V. G., Levicheva Yu. Yu., Shelepova T. N., Nabieva A. R., Nikonorov A. A., Smolyannikova V. A., Kubanov A. A. A clinical case of borderline leprosy. Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii = Bulletin of Dermatology and Venereology. 2021; 97 (6): 96–103. doi: 10.25208/vdv1298. EDN: DHIIZS (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
